If you write a blog post that links to another blog post (or sometimes just web page) and you have everything set up right, a pingback sends a notification to that target blog with information about your post.
A trackback can be sent even if you don’t link to the target post - you have to enter the ‘trackback url’ of the target blog post in the relevant input field (’Send trackbacks to’) when writing your post - which will give the same result. A blog will generally supply the link location for trackbacks to its posts.
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